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This is the VOA Special English Economics Report.
In the American legal system, people generally bring civil claims as individuals. But if a lot of people have similar claims, they may try to bring a class action lawsuit.
Cornell University law professor Michael Dorf says a class action "allows a large group of people to bring their individual claims together as a group." But groups need permission to bring a class action, and that can be denied. That happened to a million and a half current and former employees of America's largest private employer. The women accuse Wal-Mart of discriminating against female employees in its stores. But the United States Supreme Court voted to block a huge class action against Wal-Mart in federal court.
The women were seeking billions of dollars. They say men were offered more jobs and more chances to move up in the company. They accuse Wal-Mart of violating part of a federal law, the Civil Rights Act of nineteen sixty-four.
The case started about ten years ago. A federal district court in California agreed that the case could go forward as a class action. Wal-Mart again lost in a federal appeals court. But, on June twentieth, Wal-Mart won its appeal in the nation's highest court.
Professor Dorf -- who was not involved in the case -- says the justices disagreed about whether there was a "common question." He says most of the justices found that Wal-Mart was not being accused of one kind of discrimination or one policy, but many different acts. "The key to being able to bring a class action here, and the issue that divided our Supreme Court, was whether all of these different claims -- by over a million people -- had enough in common to justify a single class action."
Wal-Mart has a policy barring discrimination. But the women accused the company of unfair policies and permitting bad behavior by some store managers.
The court was divided five to four in its ruling. Yet all nine justices agreed that the case could not go forward. The women needed to meet additional legal requirements because they were seeking payment for harm they say was done. All the justices agreed these requirements had not been met.
Boston University law professor Michael Harper says the decision was widely expected. He says the class action failed because it did not target a single action or policy by Wal-Mart. But the ruling does not bar the women from bringing individual cases. They can also seek class actions at the state level.
